Background
Sociolinguist Dell Hymes developed the following model to promote the analysis of discourse as a series of speech events and speech acts within a cultural context. It uses the first letters of terms for speech components; the categories are so productive and powerful in analysis that you can use this model to analyze many different kinds of discourse. Mr. McGowan patricularly enjoys applying this model to storytelling.
The SPEAKING Model
"Setting refers to the time
and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances"
(Hymes 55).The living
room in the grandparents' home might be a setting for a family story.
Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness (Hymes 55-56). The family story may be told at a reunion celebrating the grandparents' anniversary. At times, the family would be festive and playful; at other times, serious and commemorative.
Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness (Hymes 55-56). The family story may be told at a reunion celebrating the grandparents' anniversary. At times, the family would be festive and playful; at other times, serious and commemorative.
Speaker and audience. Linguists
will make distinctions within these categories; for example, the audience can
be distinguished as addressees and other hearers (Hymes 54 & 56). At the
family reunion, an aunt might tell a story to the young female relatives, but
males, although not addressed, might also hear the narrative.
Ends
Purposes, goals, and outcomes
(Hymes 56-57). The aunt may tell a story about the grandmother to entertain the
audience, teach the young women, and honor the grandmother.
Act Sequence
Form and order of the event. The
aunt's story might begin as a response to a toast to the grandmother. The
story's plot and development would have a sequence structured by the aunt.
Possibly there would be a collaborative interruption during the telling.
Finally, the group might applaud the tale and move onto another subject or
activity.
Key
Cues that establish the
"tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act (Hymes 57). The aunt
might imitate the grandmother's voice and gestures in a playful way, or she
might address the group in a serious voice emphasing the sincerity and respect
of the praise the story expresses.
Instrumentalities
Forms and styles of speech (Hymes
58-60). The aunt might speak in a casual register with many dialect features or
might use a more formal register and careful grammatical "standard"
forms.
Norms
Social rules governing the event
and the participants' actions and reaction. In a playful story by the aunt, the
norms might allow many audience interruptions and collaboration, or possibly
those interruptions might be limited to participation by older females. A
serious, formal story by the aunt might call for attention to her and no
interruptions as norms.
Genre
The kind of speech act or event;
for our course, the kind of story. The aunt might tell a character anecdote
about the grandmother for entertainment, but an exemplum as moral instruction.
Different disciplines develop terms for kinds of speech acts, and speech
communities sometimes have their own terms for types.
These terms can
be applied to many kinds of discourse. Sometimes in a written discussion you
might emphasize only two or three of the letters of the mnemonic. It provides a
structure for you to perceive components.
Work Cited
Hymes, Dell. Foundations of Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1974.
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